Sending Transactions

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A critical feature of any exchange is the ability to withdraw the funds held in custody to an arbitrary address of the user's choosing. Because Zilliqa nodes do not provide an API for signing transactions on your behalf, you will have to do so locally using an SDK of your choosing. We provide examples using zilliqa-js, the official JavaScript SDK.

info

The code in this tutorial is derived from the example application.

Constructing the Transaction Object

There are several ways to construct a Transaction instance. We recommend using the transaction factory that is on the umbrella Zilliqa object, like so:

import { Zilliqa } from '@zilliqa-js/zilliqa';

const api = 'https://community-api.aws.z7a.xyz';

const zilliqa = new Zilliqa(api);

const pubKey = '02bc475d1b5dd9d6ed6347e93da3d4c1ad35f4d987d52ea91de997ecba56845cd2';

const rawTx = zilliqa.transactions.new({

version: bytes.pack(2, 1),

amount,

nonce: 1

gasLimit: Long.fromNumber(1), // normal (non-contract) transactions cost 1 gas

gasPrice: new BN(units.toQa(1000, units.Units.Li)), // the minimum gas price is 1,000 li

toAddr: to, // toAddr is self-explanatory

pubKey, // this determines which account is used to send the tx

});

Signing the Transaction

Again, there are a few ways you can sign your transaction. Under the hood, signing is done with the elliptic curve secp256k1. The easiest way to do this is by using a wallet. Extending our example above:

/* truncated */

const privateKey = '1CC85C5F4791232D7D9A6FC35F2FF15EFAAC4A6E0E9F4A565FD2CCCCB73FCA3B'

const address = 'e3ea87d7838397fc4417f5ec449f2d2d7cdb6dd1';

zilliqa.wallet.addByPrivateKey(privateKey);

// signWith uses the specified address to perform the signing of the transaction.

// note that we provided the nonce to use when constructing the transaction.

// if the nonce is not provided, zilliqa-js will automatically try to determine the correct nonce to use.

// however, if there is no network connection, zilliqa-js will not be able to

// do that, and signing will fail.

const signedTx = await this.zil.wallet.signWith(rawTx, address);

Note that we provided the nonce to use when constructing the transaction. If the nonce is not provided, zilliqa-js will automatically try to determine the correct nonce to use. However, if there is no network connection, zilliqa-js will not be able to do that, and signing will fail.

If the Transaction is successfully signed, you will be able to access the signature property on txParams.

console.log(signedTx.txParams.signature) // 128-bit signature

At this stage, you'll be able to broadcast your newly-signed transaction to the network through a seed node.

Sending the Transaction

Broadcasting a signed transaction is trivial, but involves some subtleties that can trip you up if you do not have a deep understanding of Zilliqa's architecture.

We demonstrate a lower-level way to broadcast a transaction using the built-in HTTPProvider, as follows:

/* truncated */

const res = await this.zil.provider.send('CreateTransaction', tx.txParams);

This returns a Promise that, if successful, will contain your transaction hash:

console.log(res.result && res.result.TranID) // 32-byte transaction hash

However, note that result will not exist on the response if there is an error in processing the transaction. Instead, the response will contain an error key, which is an object that complies with JSON-RPC 2.0.

If you receive a TranID, that means your transaction was accepted by the seed node, and is now pending. zilliqa-js provides a way to automatically poll the lookup for confirmation:

// returns a Promise<Transaction>

// in this case, we try polling the node 33 times, increasing the interval

// between attempts by 1000ms each time. this works out roughly to the block

// time on the Zilliqa main net.

const tx = await signedTx.confirm(res.result.TranID, 33, 1000)

The confirm method returns a Promise the status of which signifies the confirmation status of the transaction. If the transaction was confirmed:

assert(signedTx.isConfirmed() === true);