Broadcasting
After signing the transaction, we may broadcast the transaction to a seed node
(e.g. https://dev-api.zilliqa.com) by creating a
transaction object. The correct RPC API to use is CreateTransaction. Refer
tohttps://apidocs.zilliqa.com/#createtransaction for
more information.
The seed node performs some basic validation of the JSON payload it receives,
and will attempt to verify the signature. Please note that it does not verify
the correctness of the nonce. It is at all times the developer's responsiblity
to correctly increment the nonce used in the transaction.
If nonce is incorrect, the transaction can silently fail. This means that the
seed/lookup node will blindly forward the transaction to the correct shard,
which may then reject the transaction with no error receipt.
Info
The above applies only if we use JSON RPC API to create the transaction object. If SDKs are used to create the transaction object, then nonce management is not an issue as SDKs would automatically handle the nonce management.
Non-Contract Transaction Object
Example of creating a non-contract transaction object:
const { BN, Long, bytes, units } = require("@zilliqa-js/util");
const { Zilliqa } = require("@zilliqa-js/zilliqa");
const { getAddressFromPrivateKey } = require("@zilliqa-js/crypto");
const zilliqa = new Zilliqa("https://dev-api.zilliqa.com");
const PRIVATE_KEY =
"9afc1a1dab96127e902daaaec1a56c30346f007523c787c3bb62371c0e5a1be7";
async function main() {
try {
zilliqa.wallet.addByPrivateKey(PRIVATE_KEY);
let tx = zilliqa.transactions.new({
version: 65537,
toAddr: "0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
amount: units.toQa("1000", units.Units.Li),
gasLimit: Long.fromNumber(50),
});
tx = await zilliqa.blockchain.createTransaction(tx);
console.log(tx.id);
} catch (err) {
console.log(err);
}
}
main();
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/Zilliqa/gozilliqa-sdk/account"
provider2 "github.com/Zilliqa/gozilliqa-sdk/provider"
"github.com/Zilliqa/gozilliqa-sdk/transaction"
"github.com/Zilliqa/gozilliqa-sdk/util"
"strconv"
)
func main() {
wallet := account.NewWallet()
wallet.AddByPrivateKey("e19d05c5452598e24caad4a0d85a49146f7be089515c905ae6a19e8a578a6930")
provider := provider2.NewProvider("https://dev-api.zilliqa.com/")
gasPrice, _ := provider.GetMinimumGasPrice()
tx := &transaction.Transaction{
Version: strconv.FormatInt(int64(util.Pack(333, 1)), 10),
SenderPubKey: "0246E7178DC8253201101E18FD6F6EB9972451D121FC57AA2A06DD5C111E58DC6A",
ToAddr: "4BAF5faDA8e5Db92C3d3242618c5B47133AE003C",
Amount: "10000000",
GasPrice: gasPrice,
GasLimit: "50",
Code: "",
Data: "",
Priority: false,
}
_ = wallet.Sign(tx, *provider)
rsp, _ := provider.CreateTransaction(tx.ToTransactionPayload())
resMap := rsp.Result.(map[string]interface{})
hash := resMap["TranID"].(string)
fmt.Printf("hash is %s\n", hash)
tx.Confirm(hash, 1000, 3, provider)
}
package com.zilliqa.example;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.account.Wallet;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.contract.Contract;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.contract.ContractFactory;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.contract.DeployParams;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.contract.Value;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.jsonrpc.HttpProvider;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.transaction.Transaction;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.transaction.TransactionFactory;
import javafx.util.Pair;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import static com.zilliqa.laksaj.account.Wallet.pack;
public class TransactionOperation {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
Wallet wallet = new Wallet();
String ptivateKey = "e19d05c5452598e24caad4a0d85a49146f7be089515c905ae6a19e8a578a6930";
// Populate the wallet with an account
String address = wallet.addByPrivateKey(ptivateKey);
System.out.println("address is: " + address);
HttpProvider provider = new HttpProvider("https://api.zilliqa.com");
//get balance
HttpProvider.BalanceResult balanceResult = provider.getBalance(address);
System.out.println("balance is: " + balanceResult.getBalance());
//construct non-contract transaction
Transaction transaction = Transaction.builder()
.version(String.valueOf(pack(333, 1)))
.toAddr("zil16jrfrs8vfdtc74yzhyy83je4s4c5sqrcasjlc4")
.senderPubKey("0246e7178dc8253201101e18fd6f6eb9972451d121fc57aa2a06dd5c111e58dc6a")
.amount("10000000")
.gasPrice("2000000000")
.gasLimit("50")
.code("")
.data("")
.provider(new HttpProvider("https://api.zilliqa.com/"))
.build();
//sign transaction
transaction = wallet.sign(transaction);
System.out.println("signature is: " + transaction.getSignature());
//broadcast transaction
HttpProvider.CreateTxResult result = TransactionFactory.sendTransaction(transaction);
}
}
Contract Transaction Object
The following is an example of creating a contract transaction object. The
difference between contract and non-contract transaction objects is the
additional contract transitions such as setHello and its relevant params such
as the vname, type and value as describe in the deployed contract. The
other significant difference is the gasLimit field. For contract
transaction objects, the recommended gasLimit is between 10000 to 30000.
Example of creating a contract transaction object:
const { BN, Long, bytes, units } = require('@zilliqa-js/util');
const { Zilliqa } = require('@zilliqa-js/zilliqa');
const { toBech32Address, getAddressFromPrivateKey } = require('@zilliqa-js/crypto');
const zilliqa = new Zilliqa("https://dev-api.zilliqa.com");
const chainId = 333; // chainId of the developer testnet
const msgVersion = 1; // current msgVersion
const VERSION = bytes.pack(chainId, msgVersion);
const PRIVATE_KEY = '9afc1a1dab96127e902daaaec1a56c30346f007523c787c3bb62371c0e5a1be7';
const CONTRACT_ADDR = toBech32Address('0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890'); // convert to bech32 format
async function main() {
try {
zilliqa.wallet.addByPrivateKey(PRIVATE_KEY);
const deployedContract = zilliqa.contracts.at(CONTRACT_ADDR);
const callTx = await deployedContract.call(
'setHello',
[
{
vname: 'msg',
type: 'String',
value: "hello world!"
}
],
{
version: VERSION,
amount: new BN(0),
gasPrice: units.toQa("2000", units.Units.Li)
gasLimit: Long.fromNumber(10000)
}
);
console.log("transaction: %o", callTx.id);
console.log(JSON.stringify(callTx.receipt, null, 4));
} catch (err) {
console.log(err);
}
}
main();
package main
import (
"github.com/Zilliqa/gozilliqa-sdk/account"
contract2 "github.com/Zilliqa/gozilliqa-sdk/contract"
"github.com/Zilliqa/gozilliqa-sdk/core"
"github.com/Zilliqa/gozilliqa-sdk/keytools"
provider2 "github.com/Zilliqa/gozilliqa-sdk/provider"
"github.com/Zilliqa/gozilliqa-sdk/util"
"strconv"
)
func main() {
host := "https://dev-api.zilliqa.com/"
privateKey := "e19d05c5452598e24caad4a0d85a49146f7be089515c905ae6a19e8a578a6930"
chainID := 333
msgVersion := 1
publickKey := keytools.GetPublicKeyFromPrivateKey(util.DecodeHex(privateKey), true)
address := keytools.GetAddressFromPublic(publickKey)
pubkey := util.EncodeHex(publickKey)
provider := provider2.NewProvider(host)
wallet := account.NewWallet()
wallet.AddByPrivateKey(privateKey)
contract := contract2.Contract{
Address: "bd7198209529dC42320db4bC8508880BcD22a9f2",
Signer: wallet,
Provider: provider,
}
args := []core.ContractValue{
{
"msg",
"String",
"hello world",
},
}
balAndNonce, _ := provider.GetBalance(address)
n := balAndNonce.Nonce + 1
gasPrice, _ := provider.GetMinimumGasPrice()
params := contract2.CallParams{
Nonce: strconv.FormatInt(n, 10),
Version: strconv.FormatInt(int64(util.Pack(chainID, msgVersion)), 10),
GasPrice: gasPrice,
GasLimit: "10000",
SenderPubKey: pubkey,
Amount: "0",
}
tx, _ := contract.Call("setHello", args, params, true)
tx.Confirm(tx.ID, 1000, 3, provider)
}
package com.zilliqa.example;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.account.Wallet;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.contract.Contract;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.contract.ContractFactory;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.contract.DeployParams;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.contract.Value;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.jsonrpc.HttpProvider;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.transaction.Transaction;
import com.zilliqa.laksaj.transaction.TransactionFactory;
import javafx.util.Pair;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import static com.zilliqa.laksaj.account.Wallet.pack;
public class TransactionOperation {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
List<Value> init = Arrays.asList();
Wallet wallet = new Wallet();
String ptivateKey = "e19d05c5452598e24caad4a0d85a49146f7be089515c905ae6a19e8a578a6930";
ContractFactory factory = ContractFactory.builder().provider(new HttpProvider("https://dev-api.zilliqa.com/")).signer(wallet).build();
Contract contract = factory.atContract("zil1h4cesgy498wyyvsdkj7g2zygp0xj920jw2hyx0", "", (Value[]) init.toArray(), "");
Integer nonce = Integer.valueOf(factory.getProvider().getBalance("9bfec715a6bd658fcb62b0f8cc9bfa2ade71434a").getResult().getNonce());
CallParams params = CallParams.builder().nonce(String.valueOf(nonce + 1)).version(String.valueOf(pack(333, 1))).gasPrice("1000000000").gasLimit("10000").senderPubKey("0246e7178dc8253201101e18fd6f6eb9972451d121fc57aa2a06dd5c111e58dc6a").amount("0").build();
List<Value> values = Arrays.asList(Value.builder().vname("msg").type("String").value("hello world").build());
contract.call("setHello", (Value[]) values.toArray(), params, 3000, 3);
}
}